Under the Act, the government established the Central Waqf Council in 1964. In 1954, the Jawaharlal Nehru government passed the Waqf Act, which led to the centralisation of waqfs. Today, after the Armed Forces and the Railways, the waqf is the largest landowner in India. It is important to note that the decision of the four judges was not accepted in India, and the Mussalman Waqf Validating Act 1913 saved the institution from destruction. The four British judges who heard the case described the waqf as “a perpetuity of the worst kind” and declared it invalid.
However, during the British Raj, a dispute over a waqf property ended up in the Privy Council of London. According to them, Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages to the Jama Masjid of Multan. In Waqf Laws and Administration in India (1968), authors S Athar Husain and S Khalid Rashid provide an overview of the history of waqfs. Waqfs in India date back to the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. Many of the world’s oldest universities, such as Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt) and the University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fez (Morocco), were founded as waqf institutions. During the Islamic Golden Age, waqf institutions played a critical role in the development of Islamic scholarship and education. The concept of waqf has its roots in early Islamic history, with the practice established during the time of Prophet Muhammad. Waqf properties are managed by a waqf board, which is responsible for ensuring that the income generated by the property is used in accordance with the wishes of the waqif and Islamic principles. In this way, waqf is considered a form of religious charity that allows individuals to contribute to the welfare of society and earn spiritual rewards. This could include supporting the poor and needy, maintaining a mosque or other religious institution, providing education, or funding other charitable causes. The person making the waqf (known as waqif) may specify the purposes for which the income generated by the property should be used. Waqf is a type of charitable endowment in Islamic law where the ownership of a property is transferred to Allah and the property is permanently dedicated for religious or charitable purposes. Waqf owners today are India’s largest urban landlords. But even as the waqf board has emerged as the third largest owner of land in the country, Indian Muslims are struggling for basic needs and fare worse than Dalits on several socio-economic indicators. The main purpose of the huge waqf board universe in India is to serve the Muslim community.
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